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Harvey Cushing made drawings, including landscapes during a Cuban vacation, in order to keep a detailed record of what he observed. As a medical student and hospital intern he drew to convey what he observed on the clinical wards. From Max Brödel, the father of modern medical illustration, Cushing learned to use chiaroscuro—contrasts between dark and light—to convey such images as a neurosurgeon’s-eye view of the human brain. He also made illustrations of the medical procedures he planned to use.